Difference between revisions of "Git"

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== Overview ==
  +
 
git is the second project that Linus Torvalds has named after himself. It is now on the workstation image.
  
git is the second project that Linus Torvalds has named after himself. It is now on the workstation image.
   
Line 5: Line 7:
 
* Ability to use version control without the internet access required to access the wwmm server. I now have the complete history of our code on my laptop. No wifi needed! :-). It also means I can do sequential commits without needing internet access.
  
* Ability to use version control without the internet access required to access the wwmm server. I now have the complete history of our code on my laptop. No wifi needed! :-). It also means I can do sequential commits without needing internet access.
 
* Branching and merging are *easy* and *lightweight*. This has changed how I work...
  
* Branching and merging are *easy* and *lightweight*. This has changed how I work...
−
* git-svn provides an interface (in both directions) with a subversion repository. This means that we get all the advantages of using subversion (a centralised server which is backed up and maintained by someone other than us, subversion is installed on more systems, can work with people who are using subversion and don't want to change) with none of the disadvantages (subversion makes branches an absolute pain, especially if you want to just try something out and have a play without polluting the server). The interface is so slick, that I can use git and everyone else use subversion and not know that I'm using git (but I may have just let the cat out of the bag on that one).
 +
* git-svn provides an interface (in both directions) with a subversion repository. This means that we get all the advantages of using subversion (a centralised server which is backed up and maintain Oed by someone other than us, subversion is installed on more systems, can work with people who are using subversion and don't want to change) with none of the disadvantages (subversion makes branches an absolute pain, especially if you want to just try something out and have a play without polluting the server). The interface is so slick, that I can use git and everyone else use subversion and not know that I'm using git (but I may have just let the cat out of the bag on that one).
 
* It's fast.
  
* It's fast.
 
* It doesn't screw around with my history or lose files.
  
* It doesn't screw around with my history or lose files.
Line 17: Line 19:
 
* branching and merging.
  
* branching and merging.
 
* tab completion on the subcommands (e.g. git commit and svn commit) and a PS1 containing the branch information (see below).
  
* tab completion on the subcommands (e.g. git commit and svn commit) and a PS1 containing the branch information (see below).
−
* git diff works with graphical diffs (svn is meant to, but good luck on getting it working with xxdiff).
 +
* git diff plays nicely with graphical diffs (svn is meant to, but good luck on getting it working with xxdiff).
   
 
==Useful links==
  
==Useful links==
Line 25: Line 27:
 
* [http://tomayko.com/writings/the-thing-about-git Funky commits and tangled workflows]
  
* [http://tomayko.com/writings/the-thing-about-git Funky commits and tangled workflows]
 
* [http://programblings.com/2008/06/07/the-illustrated-guide-to-recovering-lost-commits-with-git/ you can always recover in git]
  
* [http://programblings.com/2008/06/07/the-illustrated-guide-to-recovering-lost-commits-with-git/ you can always recover in git]
  +
* [http://git.or.cz/gitwiki/FrontPage git wiki] is incredibly useful.
   
 
==git-svn links==
  
==git-svn links==
Line 32: Line 35:
 
* [http://www.flavio.castelli.name/howto_use_git_with_svn and another]
  
* [http://www.flavio.castelli.name/howto_use_git_with_svn and another]
 
* [http://www.dmo.ca/blog/20070608113513 Using svn branches]
  
* [http://www.dmo.ca/blog/20070608113513 Using svn branches]
  +
  +
==Accessing remote git repositories==
  +
  +
If you have a git repository on your workstation and you wish to clone it, push to it or pull from it one another computer, then you have 3 options:
  +
  +
# Use git-svn to commit to the wwmm svn server, and then pull the changes from there.
  +
# Use a central git repository (e.g. [http://repo.or.cz/]) to push/pull via, rather than a svn server.
  +
# Connect directly over ssh.
  +
  +
I didn't want to use a central repository (more faff) and often I'm working on a branch which I don't want to push to svn (because, for example, it breaks everything). This leaves me with option 3. The syntax for cloning a remote repository over ssh is (from git help clone):
  +
ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
  +
Because of the firewall, we first need to set up an [http://www-theor.ch.cam.ac.uk/IT/help/scp-via-chimaera.html ssh tunnel]. I did:
  +
ssh -f -L20001:keiko.ch.cam.ac.uk:22 -l jss43 -N chimaera.ch.cam.ac.uk -g
  +
git clone ssh://jss43@localhost:20001/path/to/repo.git cloned-repo-dir
  +
Once you've specified the remote address, git by default will use that address for all remote (push, pull, etc) operations. You will need to set up the ssh tunnel each session. Unless you set up alternate remote addresses, you will have to use the same port (in my example, 20001) each time. I had some problems with the ssh tunnel being dropped (which I assume is firewall related---at least it was in the past).
   
 
==meld and git diff==
  
==meld and git diff==
   
−
Set up git diff to use meld rather than outputting a unified diff by adding
 +
Set up git diff to use meld or xxdiff rather than outputting a unified diff by adding, e.g.,
 
[diff]
  
[diff]
 
external = meld
  
external = meld
 
to ~/.gitconfig.
  
to ~/.gitconfig.
   
−
Unfortunately git tries to pass more information than meld can handle. Instead add:
 +
Unfortunately git tries to pass more information than xxdiff or meld can handle. Instead add:
 
[diff]
  
[diff]
 
external = ~/bin/diff.sh
  
external = ~/bin/diff.sh
Line 46: Line 64:
 
#!/bin/bash
  
#!/bin/bash
 
meld $2 $5
  
meld $2 $5
  +
and enjoy graphical diff wonderland.
  +
  +
== git paging ==
  +
  +
The version of git on the 10.3 image (1.5.6) includes a controversial patch which enables the pager for the output of all commands, even when the output is less than a screen. I find this is incredibly annoying. This is being made into a configuration option, but for now we can work round it:
  +
export GIT_PAGER='less -FX'
  +
or:
  +
git config --global core.pager 'less -FX'
  +
This will stop paging if the output is less than one screen. It has the disadvantage that long output (e.g. from ''git log'') is printed to screen (rather than existing only in the pager), but this is much like the behaviour of ''svn log'', so at least it's no worse. This can be overcome by using pipes if you really want to...
   
 
==Cool things==
  
==Cool things==
Line 77: Line 104:
 
</pre>
  
</pre>
 
This is very useful (especially as git encourages branching so much!).
  
This is very useful (especially as git encourages branching so much!).
  +
  +
== Subversion migration using git ==
  +
  +
Thanks to http://linuxocarina.blogspot.com/2008/07/using-git-svn-migrate-svn-repository.html
  +
  +
My project is to take an SVN repository Cambridge on server cam and SVN repository Berkeley on server berk and allow changes back and forth between the two.
  +
Cambridge is the initial repository, and we will create Berkeley from it (Berkeley is an initialized and blank SVN repository directory). Both Berekeley and Cambridge will be indepenedently
  +
modified, and the aim is to keep the two in sync via git.
  +
  +
First, we must create the Berekeley respository from the Cambridge
  +
  +
(Thanks to http://linuxocarina.blogspot.com/2008/07/using-git-svn-migrate-svn-repository.html)
  +
  +
e.g. starting in /git :
  +
<pre>
  +
git-svn clone svn://cam/Cambridge Cambridge
  +
git clone file:///git/Cambridge Berkeley
  +
cd Berkeley
  +
git-svn init svn://berk/Berkeley
  +
git-svn fetch
  +
git rebase git-svn master
  +
git-svn dcommit
  +
</pre>
  +
  +
Plenty more to come...
  +
  +
Next we modify the Cambridge repository by adding file CamFile4 and move the changes to Berkeley
  +
  +
<pre>
  +
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [origin/HEAD]$ cd ../Cambridge/
  +
athom@down:~/git/Cambridge [master]$ ls
  +
CamFile1 CamFile2 CamFile3
  +
athom@down:~/git/Cambridge [master]$ git svn rebase
  +
First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
  +
HEAD is now at 62b3628... A post-import file
  +
Fast-forwarded master to refs/remotes/git-svn.
  +
athom@down:~/git/Cambridge [master]$ ls
  +
CamFile1 CamFile2 CamFile3 CamFile4
  +
  +
athom@down:~/git/Cambridge [master]$ cd ../Berkeley/
  +
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [origin/HEAD]$ git svn fetch
  +
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [origin/HEAD]$ ls
  +
CamFile1 CamFile2 CamFile3
  +
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [master]$ git pull
  +
remote: Generating pack...
  +
remote: Done counting 4 objects.
  +
Result has 3 objects.
  +
remote: Deltifying 3 objects...
  +
100% (3/3) done
  +
remote: Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
  +
Unpacking 3 objects...
  +
100% (3/3) done
  +
* refs/remotes/origin/master: fast forward to branch 'master' of file:///Users/athom/tmp/git/tmp/Cambridge
  +
old..new: 880aefd..62b3628
  +
Merge made by recursive.
  +
CamFile4 | 1 +
  +
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
  +
create mode 100644 CamFile4
  +
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [master]$ git svn dcommit
  +
Committing to svn+ssh://localhost/Berkeley ...
  +
A CamFile4
  +
Committed r8
  +
A CamFile4
  +
r8 = b94ff7d1a466cfe5d75e97e90d2c5629a9364e04 (git-svn)
  +
No changes between current HEAD and refs/remotes/git-svn
  +
Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/git-svn
  +
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [master]$
  +
</pre>
  +
  +
--[[User:ajwt3|alex]] 07:21, 6 August 2008 (BST)

Latest revision as of 15:10, 9 August 2008

Overview

git is the second project that Linus Torvalds has named after himself. It is now on the workstation image.

git is a distributed version control system (DVCS), which offer many advantages over centralised version control systems such as subversion. For git in particular:

  • Ability to use version control without the internet access required to access the wwmm server. I now have the complete history of our code on my laptop. No wifi needed! :-). It also means I can do sequential commits without needing internet access.
  • Branching and merging are *easy* and *lightweight*. This has changed how I work...
  • git-svn provides an interface (in both directions) with a subversion repository. This means that we get all the advantages of using subversion (a centralised server which is backed up and maintain Oed by someone other than us, subversion is installed on more systems, can work with people who are using subversion and don't want to change) with none of the disadvantages (subversion makes branches an absolute pain, especially if you want to just try something out and have a play without polluting the server). The interface is so slick, that I can use git and everyone else use subversion and not know that I'm using git (but I may have just let the cat out of the bag on that one).
  • It's fast.
  • It doesn't screw around with my history or lose files.
  • It's cryptographically secure. (This isn't as bizarre as it sounds!)
  • Linus Torvalds is much smarter than us. Seriously. Oh, and he calls everyone using subversion (and cvs) stupid. Repeatedly. He managed to convince me...

It is somewhat less user friendly in places, but far more powerful, than subversion. It has wonderful graphical interfaces for viewing branches (gitk and qgit).

Things I really miss when I have to use svn:

  • stash.
  • branching and merging.
  • tab completion on the subcommands (e.g. git commit and svn commit) and a PS1 containing the branch information (see below).
  • git diff plays nicely with graphical diffs (svn is meant to, but good luck on getting it working with xxdiff).

Useful links

git-svn links

Accessing remote git repositories

If you have a git repository on your workstation and you wish to clone it, push to it or pull from it one another computer, then you have 3 options:

  1. Use git-svn to commit to the wwmm svn server, and then pull the changes from there.
  2. Use a central git repository (e.g. [1]) to push/pull via, rather than a svn server.
  3. Connect directly over ssh.

I didn't want to use a central repository (more faff) and often I'm working on a branch which I don't want to push to svn (because, for example, it breaks everything). This leaves me with option 3. The syntax for cloning a remote repository over ssh is (from git help clone): 

 ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

Because of the firewall, we first need to set up an ssh tunnel. I did: 

 ssh -f -L20001:keiko.ch.cam.ac.uk:22 -l jss43 -N chimaera.ch.cam.ac.uk -g
 git clone ssh://jss43@localhost:20001/path/to/repo.git cloned-repo-dir

Once you've specified the remote address, git by default will use that address for all remote (push, pull, etc) operations. You will need to set up the ssh tunnel each session. Unless you set up alternate remote addresses, you will have to use the same port (in my example, 20001) each time. I had some problems with the ssh tunnel being dropped (which I assume is firewall related---at least it was in the past).

meld and git diff

Set up git diff to use meld or xxdiff rather than outputting a unified diff by adding, e.g., 

[diff]
   external = meld

to ~/.gitconfig.

Unfortunately git tries to pass more information than xxdiff or meld can handle. Instead add: 

[diff]
   external = ~/bin/diff.sh

to ~/.gitconfig where ~/bin/diff.sh contains: 

#!/bin/bash
meld $2 $5

and enjoy graphical diff wonderland.

git paging

The version of git on the 10.3 image (1.5.6) includes a controversial patch which enables the pager for the output of all commands, even when the output is less than a screen. I find this is incredibly annoying. This is being made into a configuration option, but for now we can work round it: 

export GIT_PAGER='less -FX'

or: 

git config --global core.pager 'less -FX'

This will stop paging if the output is less than one screen. It has the disadvantage that long output (e.g. from git log) is printed to screen (rather than existing only in the pager), but this is much like the behaviour of svn log, so at least it's no worse. This can be overcome by using pipes if you really want to...

Cool things

Add tab completion for the git subcommands: completion script. Follow the instructions within to set up tab completion. It also contains a handy function that adds the current branch to your PS1. I added: 

PS1='\u@\h:\w$(__git_ps1 " [%s]")\$ '

to my .bashrc. This only adds something when I am in a git-controlled directory. If I change directories, it remembers what branch I am in: 

james@maruchon:~/work/src$ cd CPMD-NECI
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI [master]$ git branch
* master
  test
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI [master]$ git checkout test
Switched to branch "test"
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI [test]$ cd NECI/
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI/NECI [master]$ git branch
  exp
* master
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI/NECI [master]$ git checkout exp
cd -Switched to branch "exp"
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI/NECI [exp]$ cd -
/home/james/work/src/CPMD-NECI
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI [test]$ git checkout master
Switched to branch "master"
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI [master]$ cd NECI/
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI/NECI [exp]$ git checkout master
Switched to branch "master"
james@maruchon:~/work/src/CPMD-NECI/NECI [master]$ cd
james@maruchon:~$

This is very useful (especially as git encourages branching so much!).

Subversion migration using git

Thanks to http://linuxocarina.blogspot.com/2008/07/using-git-svn-migrate-svn-repository.html

My project is to take an SVN repository Cambridge on server cam and SVN repository Berkeley on server berk and allow changes back and forth between the two. Cambridge is the initial repository, and we will create Berkeley from it (Berkeley is an initialized and blank SVN repository directory). Both Berekeley and Cambridge will be indepenedently modified, and the aim is to keep the two in sync via git.

First, we must create the Berekeley respository from the Cambridge

(Thanks to http://linuxocarina.blogspot.com/2008/07/using-git-svn-migrate-svn-repository.html)

e.g. starting in /git : 

 git-svn clone svn://cam/Cambridge Cambridge
 git clone file:///git/Cambridge Berkeley
 cd Berkeley
 git-svn init svn://berk/Berkeley
 git-svn fetch
 git rebase git-svn master
 git-svn dcommit

Plenty more to come...

Next we modify the Cambridge repository by adding file CamFile4 and move the changes to Berkeley 

athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [origin/HEAD]$ cd ../Cambridge/
athom@down:~/git/Cambridge [master]$ ls       
CamFile1 CamFile2 CamFile3
athom@down:~/git/Cambridge [master]$ git svn rebase
First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
HEAD is now at 62b3628... A post-import file
Fast-forwarded master to refs/remotes/git-svn.
athom@down:~/git/Cambridge [master]$ ls
CamFile1 CamFile2 CamFile3 CamFile4

athom@down:~/git/Cambridge [master]$ cd ../Berkeley/
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [origin/HEAD]$ git svn fetch
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [origin/HEAD]$ ls
CamFile1 CamFile2 CamFile3
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [master]$ git pull
remote: Generating pack...
remote: Done counting 4 objects.
Result has 3 objects.
remote: Deltifying 3 objects...
 100% (3/3) done
remote: Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking 3 objects...
 100% (3/3) done
* refs/remotes/origin/master: fast forward to branch 'master' of file:///Users/athom/tmp/git/tmp/Cambridge
  old..new: 880aefd..62b3628
Merge made by recursive.
 CamFile4 |    1 +
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 CamFile4
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [master]$ git svn dcommit
Committing to svn+ssh://localhost/Berkeley ...
        A       CamFile4
Committed r8
        A       CamFile4
r8 = b94ff7d1a466cfe5d75e97e90d2c5629a9364e04 (git-svn)
No changes between current HEAD and refs/remotes/git-svn
Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/git-svn
athom@down:~/git/Berkeley [master]$

--alex 07:21, 6 August 2008 (BST)

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